I know that there are add-ons available for locking/unlocking attachments, e.g., Arsenal Lockpoint or GoEdit.
Also this was suggested here:
However, this is quite costly, thus we can probably not get those add-ons. Does anyone know what is the standard behavior of Confluence if two users edit an attachment at the same time?
I cannot believe that there is no solution available out of the box.
No, I do not know a better solution and there is no solution out of the box. The only thought I have to offer here:
It may well be, that this problem is much smaller than you think. Just try without tackling this. Maybe the occurrence of people overwriting one another is neglectable.
I did some further research, and what I read so far at least no information is ever getting lost. One just creates a new version of the attachment.
Max open calculation.xls
Moritz opens calculation.xls
Max adds "bread = 2 EUR" and saves the document
Moritz adds "milk = 1 EUR" and saves the document
The latest version will according to what I read include the row milk, but not the row bread.
However the second-last version will include the row bread, but not the row milk.
I could not test it yet, but if this is true at least no information gets lost.